In vivo data exhibited that on day 14, IRF1 and miR-16-5p expression increased in the foot wound tissues of DM rats treated with exosomes compared with PBS-treated DM rats while higher IRF1 and miR-16-5p expression was observed in the DM rats treated with IRF1-exosome than in DM rats treated with exosomes (Fig. 6B). Here, IRF1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.