IRF1 and diabetes mellitus: However, there are still several limitations in the present study: (1) We only studied the DM model induced by streptozotocin, and did not use other models of wound healing for in-depth exploration; (2) Our study preliminarily showed that IRF1 overexpression-modified exosomes induced miR-16-5p expression to target and inhibit SP5, thereby promoting the healing of foot skin wounds in DM rats.