The expression of SPP1 was negatively associated with tumor purity (cor = -0.237, p = 8.32e-06) and positively associated with immune cells, including B cells (cor = 0.224, p = 2.78e-06), CD8 + T cells (cor = 0.139, p = 9.98e-03), CD4 + T cells (cor = 0.219, p = 4.03e-05), macrophages (cor = 0.341, p = 1.00e-10), neutrophils (cor = 0.276, p = 1.89e-07) and dendritic cells (cor = 0.304, p = 1.28e-08) (Fig. 2a). Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.