SPP1 and cholangiocarcinoma: To investigate the expression levels of SPP1 and CSF1 in tumor and normal tissues from cancer cases, we used the Sanger database and found that the mRNA expression levels of SPP1 and CSF1 were significantly increased in multiple cancer types (cancer vs. normal), such as CHOL (cholangiocarcinoma), ESCA (esophageal carcinoma), GBM (glioblastoma multiforme), LIHC (liver hepatocellular carcinoma), and STAD (stomach adenocarcinoma) (Fig. 1a, b).