ENPEP and infection: Previous reports by our lab and others have demonstrated a range of unique attributes displayed by AAV4 and/or AAV.rh32.33, notably, unique 3D capsid structural features, capsid assembly independent of accessory proteins (AAP), the exploitation of distinct cell surface sialoglycans for attachment, AAVR independence, requirement of GPR108 for infection, cardiopulmonary tropism in mice, unique CNS transduction profile, low seroprevalence, and the unique nature of host cellular immune responses to these capsids (5, 9, 12, 14, 28, 37, –, 44).