ATM and lung cancer: At the signaling level, IL-6 secreted by CTLs, macrophages, and dendritic cells in response to immune recognition has been shown to directly activate ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a factor implicated in response to DNA damage, and this has been associated with increased metastasis and multi-drug resistance in lung cancer (Jiang et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2014).