INS and Hypoglycemia: Targeting this pathway shows promise, as intravenous (IV) insulin administration to AD patients has improved recall memory independent of blood glucose levels (Craft et al., 1999) and intranasal insulin administration similarly improves recall memory in some AD patients while navigating the risk of hypoglycemia associated with IV insulin (Craft et al., 2017; Reger et al., 2006, 2008).