IFNA1 and COVID-19: Pathway enrichment analysis showed that pathways related to antiviral response and immune response were enriched in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (Extended Data Fig. 4e), and that the biological pathways related to IFN response were enriched in three subsets (B_naive, B_memory and B_activated) in the moderate disease group, while those pathways were not in severe group (Extended Data Fig. 4f), consistent with a previous report5.