TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: To investigate the therapeutic properties of S. cerevisiae GILA strains in vivo, the DSS group showed IBD-colitis symptoms, including increased neutrophil count, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in blood, myeloperoxidase (MPO) in feces (Fig. 7a), and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) in serum (Fig. 7b).