TNF and macrophage activation syndrome: The cytokine profiles in patients with severe COVID-19 infection showed an increased production of IL-6; IL-7; tumor necrosis factor (TNF); and inflammatory chemokines, such as the C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) motif, C-C chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) motif, and soluble IL-2 receptors, which are similar to those found in cytokine release syndrome (CRS), e.g., macrophage activation syndrome.