In addition to clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of the ICI therapy, multiple questions remain as to the identification of biomarkers (such as tumor molecular alterations and characterization of the TME) enabling the selection of responders to therapy in light of the limited utility of PD-L1 expression, as well as the timing of ICI therapy with respect to other interventions (e.g., prior to surgical resection; concurrent or after radiation therapy), and its addition to other therapies, such as alkylating chemotherapy and targeted therapies. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.