We showed previously that KPs effectively prevented hyperlipidemia and obesity in high-fat diet-induced obese rats by reducing fatty acid synthase and increasing p-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC) expression to block lipogenesis and decreasing inflammatory responses (TNF-α, IL-1β, and TGF-β) to attenuate oxidative damage in the liver (Tung et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.