Additionally, the BM-MDSCs and cancer patient immunosuppressive M-MDSCs shared a common gene signature profile, i.e., non-differentially expressed genes such as PTGS2, TNF, CD38, ARG1, AKT3, JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, STAT4, STAT5, STAT6 and STAT3, suggesting a common regulatory mechanism among the myeloid cells. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.