We explored the numbers of BCAS1+ and Sox10+ double-labelled OPCs which are commonly observed in chronic white matter lesions of multiple sclerosis patients.47 We observed 2-fold and 7-fold increases in NogoA and GAP43 expression, indicating recruitment of OPCs and axonal regeneration, respectively, as well as an increase in the number of BCAS1+ remyelinating oligodendrocytes which co-expressed Sox10 per inflammatory lesion area in NgR(310)ecto-Fc vector-transduced HSC recipient animals (Fig. 8C and D). This evidence concerns the gene RTN4 and multiple sclerosis.