For example, if we examined sufficient cases of patient DCIS or animal models and found that high expression of TGF-α, PKMYT1 and decreased SFRP1 and SFRP2 in the stroma were associated with disease recurrence, invasive disease or decreased survival, these data could indicate predictive value for these markers. Here, SFRP1 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.