The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IP-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and GM-CSF) and anti-virus-related factors (IFN-α, IFN-λ1 and IFN-γ) were upregulated in the blood samples of the six patients as compared those of the control patients without infection. Here, TNF is linked to infection.