Activity of the NFκB, AR, JAK-STAT3, Wnt, and (less consistently) the TGFβ, signaling pathways was increased in patients with IBD disease localization in the colon, while the JAK-STAT1/2 pathway was specifically active in ileal localized CD, suggesting differences in pathophysiology depending on disease location. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Cowden disease.