TNF and Hepatic steatosis: CPT improved insulin resistance, had no significant effect on cell viability, inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation, reduced PA-induced hepatic steatosis, and increased IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels. At a CPT concentration of 25 μg/ml, the anti-inflammatory effect was almost equivalent to that of berberine (25 μg/ml).