TNF and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Regulator effect networks consisting of upstream cytokines and downstream biological function demonstrated the activation of IL-6, TNF-α, and TNFRSF1A (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1a) together with the regulation of CXCL9, LGALS3, MMP7, TLR3, IL-10, as well as TCR and LAT in infants with BPD, indicating immune cell activation, cell-matrix interaction and remodeling at the same time.