Here, regulator effect networks demonstrated the activation of IL-6, TNF-α, and TNFRSF1A side by side with the regulation of genes involved in immune cell activation, cell-matrix interaction, and remodeling (CXCL9, LGALS3, MMP7, TLR3, IL-10, TCR, LAT) in infants with BPD. Here, TNFRSF1A is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.