Significantly increased in PCa patients and correlated with elevated PSA levels and shorter OSPro-tumorigenic role due to NE production, increasing PCa cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as xenograft growthIncreased phosphorylation of STAT3 in MDSCs, and upregulation of ARG1, inhibiting CD8+ T cell proliferation, production of IFN-γ and Granzyme-BMDSCs secrete IL-23, suggested to drive CRPC, inducing PCa cell survival and proliferation. This evidence concerns the gene ARG1 and posterior cortical atrophy.