TNF and Sepsis: There were also multiple shared inflammation-related pathways (“Neutrophil degranulation” and “Interleukin-1 signaling”) and gene sets (“Inflammatory response”, “IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling”, “Complement”, and “TNFα signaling via NF-κB”) that decreased over time in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 sepsis patients (Figure 5A), as represented by shared decreases in gene expression in the IL-1 signaling genes IRAK3 and IL1R1 (Figure 5D).