TNF and Sepsis: Multiple immune pathways were upregulated at both timepoints in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 sepsis patients compared to healthy controls, including “Neutrophil degranulation” and “Interleukin-1 signaling”, as well as the gene sets “Inflammatory response”, “IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling”, “Complement”, and “TNFα signaling via NF-κB”.