However, Krzysiek-Maczka et al. [42] showed that VacA- and CagA-positive H. pylori strains could elevate the vimentin and α-SMA mRNA expression and cause differentiation of normal fibroblasts to cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) using the normal rat gastric epithelial cells (RGM-1). The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is cancer.