TNF and interstitial lung disease: In inflammatory environment, promoting nuclear factor (NF) -κB and Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transductor and transcription activator (STAT) pathways in macrophages to induce the production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, IL-1, IL-6, etc. (Balachandran and Adams, 2013), can promote the occurrence of ILD.