In addition, by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB in macrophages and lymphocytes, the expression levels of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-1β), IL-6, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and TNF in pulmonary fibrosis are reduced to prevent oxidative damage (Yahfoufi et al., 2018; Fu et al., 2020). Here, TNF is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.