TNF and interstitial lung disease: Cytokines: IFN-γ↑, TNF-α↑, TGF-β↓ Cruz et al. (2021). MTOR signaling, JNK, IL-8, and IL-23 signaling were upregulated in ILD Huang et al. (2021). Cytokine imbalance promoted the development of ILD. Expressed higher levels of granzyme B, the most potent NK-cell cytotoxic enzyme Cruz et al. (2021)