At the same time, key substances and signalling pathways affecting insulin resistance have been identified, such as insulin receptor substrate (IRS), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), PI3K-Akt, ERK, and adipocytokines (Hosogai et al., 2007; Ozaki et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2019). Here, AKT1 is linked to Insulin resistance.