The gut dysbiosis and subsequent leakage of pro-inflammatory products such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) may result in chronic inflammatory state, which contribute to CKD (Ferrucci and Fabbri, 2018; Plata et al., 2019). The gene discussed is CCL2; the disease is chronic kidney disease.