Importantly, HDM pre-stimulation significantly increased the release of GM-CSF, IL-33, VEGFA, EGF, TWEAK, IL-7, MMP12, FTL3G, M-CSF, MMP1, G-CSF in double infected epithelium of patients with asthma, whereas it decreased secretion of TGFA, TNF, TWEAK, CCL7 and CCL11 in healthy controls (Fig. 6g, i). Here, CSF1 is linked to asthma.