HDM prestimulation increased the release of IL-18, EGF, TWEAK, and M-CSF and decreased CCL3 in SARS-CoV-2-infected HBECs from patients with asthma in comparison to SARS-CoV-2 infection alone (Fig. 6g, Supplementary Fig. 7e). Here, TNFSF12 is linked to asthma.