TNF and asthma: Importantly, HDM pre-stimulation significantly increased the release of GM-CSF, IL-33, VEGFA, EGF, TWEAK, IL-7, MMP12, FTL3G, M-CSF, MMP1, G-CSF in double infected epithelium of patients with asthma, whereas it decreased secretion of TGFA, TNF, TWEAK, CCL7 and CCL11 in healthy controls (Fig. 6g, i).