IL1B and asthma: We observed higher expression of pro-IL-1β protein in HBECs from patients with asthma at baseline in vitro (Fig. 2a, Supplementary Fig. 3e), in bronchial biopsies in vivo (Fig. 1e, f), and a trend of moderate upregulation of IL-1β concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in vivo (Supplementary Fig. 3f).