Astrocytes are the main source of C3 in the central nervous system, and astroglial Kir6.1/K-ATP channel deficiency was previously reported to contribute to PD pathogenesis by inducing astrocyte–neuron interaction through C3-C3aR signaling [57]. The gene discussed is KCNJ8; the disease is hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.