Interestingly, our results demonstrated that interaction scores of some paired ligands and receptors (e.g., ANXA1_FPR1, CD74_APP, CD74_COPA, CXCL1_CXCR1, CXCL2_CXCR2, and HLA-F_LILRB2) were significantly increased after infection (Fig. 3A). Here, CXCL1 is linked to infection.