DEG enrichment analysis indicated that Rap1, PI3K‐AKT, MAPK, and TGF‐β signaling was also activated in HPCs from adjacent tumor and tumor tissue of clinical samples, epithelial cell differentiation, liver regeneration, and development was enriched in HPCs from healthy cases (Figure 7E), which suggested the signaling pathway mentioned above might contribute to the malignant transformation of HPCs into CSCs. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.