CCL2 and infection: Thus, two avenues that test the need for continued monocyte migration to the brain to maintain NCI, either by IC infection of CCL2KO mice which lack a functional CCL2 gene (Fig. 2) or bindarit treatment in chronic infection of wildtype mice (Fig. 5), suggest that cells resident in the brain, likely perivascular macrophages and microglia, maintain EcoHIV infection and its pathogenic effects upon cognitive function regardless of potential loss of CCL2 driven monocyte migration to the brain.