TNP1 and male infertility: PRM1, PRM2, and TNP1 encode protamine and transition proteins, which play important roles in nuclear remodeling and condensation during spermiogenesis.[30]PRM1 and PRM2 polymorphisms have been associated with an elevated risk of male infertility, indirectly indicating the accuracy of our results.[31] Immunostaining was performed to validate the expression patterns of these genes.