LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The mechanisms by which sleep disorders affect cardiovascular disease include: first, sleep deprivation leads to changes in leptin and ghrelin levels, which promote the development of obesity, and elevated blood sugar levels; second, sleep disorders can lead to changes in growth hormone metabolism and increased cortisol secretion; finally, mild inflammation caused by sleep disorders can increase the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response, resulting in increased blood pressure, blood flow blockage, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (Klop et al., 2013).