In GSVA, the expression levels of GPD2, PLEC, and SYNM demonstrated association with multiple metabolic pathways related to mitochondrial function (e.g., lipid metabolism and AMP activated protein kinase signaling) and cardiac structural and electrical remodeling (e.g., contractile fiber, ion homeostasis), which were proven vital for the development and maintenance of AF (Hindricks et al., 2020; Brundel et al., 2022). The gene discussed is GPD2; the disease is atrial fibrillation.