All 330 DEPs including 225 upregulated DEPs and 105 downregulated DEPs were analyzed, which identified the downregulation of GPD2 (p = 0.02 and FC = 0.77), PLEC (p < 0.001 and FC = 0.71) and SYNM (p = 0.04 and FC = 0.76) in AF patients in AF patients (Figure 6 and Supplementary Table S4). The gene discussed is GPD2; the disease is atrial fibrillation.