GIP and Insulin resistance: Evidence for dAGEs impacting microbial composition include studies that show markedly reduced Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio and increased inflammatory markers including IL-1β, IL-17 and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and increased incretins such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exacerbating insulin resistance (125–127).