CD274 and cancer: In the present study in CAS, the expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 was increased in the group with TLS compared to the group without TLS and in the group of TLS poor compared to the group of TLS rich, suggesting that inhibition of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may increase the number of TLS in CAS, as reported previously in other cancers (38) where ICI treatment increases the density of TLS.