Myocardial TGF-β expression is upregulated in animal models of myocardial infarction and cardiac hypertrophy and in patients with dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and it plays an important role in cardiac remodelling and fibrosis (Dobaczewski et al., 2011). Here, TGFB1 is linked to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.