The two completely opposite types of results imply that macrophage polarization is not only related to the heterogeneity of STAT3 and macrophages themselves, but also influenced by the JAK/STAT3 pathway, as well as multiple cytokines, chemokines, immune cells, tumor cells, and crosstalk of different signaling pathways in macrophages (50, 51). Here, STAT3 is linked to neoplasm.