Given that CCR4 is a critical player in various cancers such as HCC, anti-CCR4 antibodies including mogamulizumab are being used to enhance anti-cancer immunity [38]. Our data revealed an important finding that CCR4 expression is not directly upsurge during end-stage liver disease such as HCC, but it tends to increase in the early phase of the disease such as CHB and augment with disease progression; therefore, blockade of the CCR4 in an earlier stage could be more beneficial to control disease progression towards end-stage disease, at least in case of CHB infection. Here, CCR4 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.