Generally, patients with AKI were older and more likely to have hypertension and diabetes; higher Killip class, heart rate, white blood cell count, neutrophil cell count, fibrinogen, blood glucose, creatinine, eGFR; NT-proBNP, hs-CTNT, contrast dose, GRACE score, Gensini score, Mehran risk score; and lower haemoglobin (p < 0.05) than patients without AKI (Fig. 1). Here, NPPB is linked to diabetes mellitus.