Unlike control PD-1+TOX+ exhausted-like OT1 cells generated in vitro (Extended Data Fig. 5e), which exhibited cytolytic activity in vitro, but were unable to control tumor growth in vivo (Fig. 4h), TSE OT1 TILs isolated from mice treated with orthogonal ACT killed B16-OVA cells in vitro and led to tumor rejection in vivo. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.