TRAF2 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Mechanistically, we found that TRAF2 knockout significantly inhibited mTORC1 activity, as evidenced by reduced levels of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p-S6K1), phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (p-S6) and phosphorylated translational initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1) in TRAF2 depletion HCC cell lines and nude mice tumor tissues (Figs. 5F,G, S5E).