The NF1 clinical observations suggest that the NF1 gene is a critical regulator of brain neuronal function22, embryonic development23, pneumothorax and cardiovascular defects23, as well as a common driver gene in several aggressive human sporadic malignancies not associated with NF124, including glioblastoma25, melanoma26, ovarian carcinoma27, lung cancer28, cholangiocarcinoma29, breast cancer30, lymphoblastic leukemia31 and other types of tumors32. The gene discussed is NF1; the disease is pneumothorax.