TNF and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, EVs expressed CD73 to promote malignant progression and mediate immune evasion by activating the NF‐κB pathway in tumor‐associated macrophages thereby increasing cytokine secretion such as IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF‐α, and TGF‐β1 to inhibit the immune system (Figure 5A).[105] A previous study showed that HAX1‐riched EVs are associated with metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).