In one recent study of 11 canine UC samples, mutations of protein-coding regions were identified in 32 cancer-related genes; however only five of these (BRAF, LRP1B, CUL3, RNF213 and MSH2) genes were mutated in more than a single sample, and only two were mutated in more than two samples (BRAF 4/11 samples, LRP1B 3/11 samples) [54]. Here, CUL3 is linked to cancer.