We also identified several genes (PAX6, POU3F3, VIM, DCX, NESTIN, GAP43, PDGFRA, SLIT1, NCAM1) specifically expressed by NSCs that were expressed at low levels in K-iPSCs and AF-iPSC, but were highly expressed in AF-NSCs and K-NSCs. The gene discussed is PDGFRA; the disease is atrial fibrillation.