In the tumour tissues (Fig. 8f, g), the frequency of positive immune responders in the NIL-IM-Lip+PD-1+L group, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CTLs and NK cells, were higher than those in the NIL-IM-Lip+L group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.001) and PD-1 group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is neoplasm.