TNF and COVID-19: Given that apremilast inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines known to be released with SARS-CoV-2, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF a), interleukin (IL)-17, and IL-23 [186], it is possible that using this oral small molecule may reduce the risk of a cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infections.