CSF3 and myelodysplastic syndrome: Heisel et al. found that cephalosporin use and intravenous vancomycin were associated with VRE infections in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia or myelodysplastic syndrome undergoing intensive induction therapy, and finally, Klein et al. found that in multiple myeloma patients, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was associated with fewer VRE cases than antibiotic prophylaxis [93, 94].