In addition to S. flexneri, S. Typhimurium and N. meningitidis, the ALPK1/TIFA axis is activated during infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis7, Helicobacter pylori10–12 and Campylobacter jejuni13, showing that ALPK1 is involved in innate immunity against important human Gram-negative pathogens. This evidence concerns the gene ALPK1 and infection.