To understand the role of TGF-β signaling in lung adenocarcinoma progression, we initially found that the activity of TGF-β signaling, which is defined as the average of TGFB1 and SERPINE1 expression, significantly correlated with poor prognosis of LAD patients in the TCGA LUAD cohort (Supplementary Fig. S1a). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and lung adenocarcinoma.