Moreover, drug combination treatment markedly reduced the expression of genes involved in diabetes and glucotoxicity pathways (Supplemental Figure 14K) and improved the expression of genes in the insulin signaling pathway, including pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1), glucose transporter 2 (Glut2), synaptopodin (Syp), glucokinase (Gck), and insulin-like growth factor–binding protein 1 (Igfbp1) compared with the vehicle-treated mice (Figure 12I). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.