However, for neonatal as well as adult ischemic brain injury, it remains unclear whether this is caused by modulation of leukocytes in the periphery or by alterations of the blood brain barrier, e.g., through upregulation of adhesion molecules like VCAM-1, which are important for transmigration of peripheral leukocytes into injured tissues [10, 57, 58]. The gene discussed is VCAM1; the disease is brain injury.